Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood sugar levels during exercise?

The primary hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels during exercise is glucagon. As physical activity increases, the body needs a quick source of energy, and glucose becomes crucial for sustaining performance. While insulin plays a critical role in lowering blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, its role during exercise is somewhat minimal since the body's metabolic needs shift.

During exercise, glucagon is released from the alpha cells of the pancreas. This hormone stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream, thereby increasing blood sugar levels. This process ensures that muscles have a readily available source of energy to meet the heightened demands of physical activity.

In contrast, while adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) can lead to increased glucose availability by promoting glycogen breakdown, its primary role is more about the fight-or-flight response rather than sustained blood sugar regulation during exercise. Cortisol, a stress hormone, also plays a role in energy metabolism but is more involved in managing longer-term physiological stress rather than the immediate regulation of blood sugar levels during exercise.